English Grammar

         Grammar

Introduction:

                Do you think English grammar is difficult to learn?
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The capital letter is also called a big letter or uppercase

Letter, or sometimes just a capital.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

The capital letter will be used always at the start of the sentence and with some special nouns, like for the country names. Ex: The India, the USA.

Noun:

     We’ve been studying parts of speech for a long time. The first one is Noun. It’s actually, a name of a person, place, animal or thing.
For example: James, Arthur, statue of liberty, Cat, Table.

Pronoun:

       Pronoun is a word which we use instead of a noun. Or you can say we can say in the replace of a noun.
Like someone has a name “James” it’s usually, boy’s name. Therefore, we can use “He” in the replace of that noun.
Some pronouns are:

He, She, It, They, You, We, I

Verb:

      Verb is nothing but a work to do. Like you see this is a work that if you have eyes then you seeing. You write this is a work. So, all the work we do is verb.

Examples: Marie writes a letter.

                Ali makes a photo.

                My mom is boiling an egg for me.

Adverb:

           An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you

About an action or the way something is done.

A lot of adverbs end in -ly.

Examples: It is raining heavily.

                   The soldiers fought bravely.

Preposition:

    A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related.

Some prepositions tell you about position or place.

Adjective:

       Adjectives are used to modify nouns, e.g. the man is happy. Here Happy is Adjective.

Tenses

Tense is nothing but a method that is used in English language to refer to time – (past, present and future).

There are three types of tenses, present, past and future.

Each of them four branches. 

We’re going to use here in the following table “Go” which is actually, a verb. There can be used others too. But I used only “Go”.

Simple

1)     Present

2)     Past

3)     Future

1)                Present

Present simple:

Go/goes

He, She, It and a singular noun=Goes (means verb+s/es)

You, We, They, I and plural noun=Go (means no s or es with verb)

Present continuous:

is/am/are+going

He, she, it and singular noun+is+going

You, we, they, and plural noun+are+going

I+am+going

Present perfect:

Has/Have+Gone{3^rd form of Go(verb)}

He, She, it and singular noun+has+gone

I, You, We, they, and plural noun+have+gone

Present perfect continuous:

Has/Have+been+going

He, She, it and singular noun+has+been+going

I, You, We, They, and plural noun+have+been+going

2)                Future:

Future Simple:

Will+go(verb)

Here with every (be) =I, You, We etc will comes.

Like: I will go to the market.
She will go to the market.

He will go to the market.

They will go to the market.

We will go the market.

Future continuous:

Will+be+going

Same thing will be applied here as future simple.

Future perfect:

Will+have+gone

Same thing will be applied here as future simple.

Future perfect continuous:

Will+have+been+going

Same thing will be applied here as future simple.

3)                Past

Past simple:

Subject(be)+2^nd for m of the verb

Past continuous:

Subject(be)+was/were+going

Past perfect:

Subject+had+gone

Past perfect continuous:

Subject+had+been+going

Subject= is a person who does the work. He, I, we etc.

Object= is a place, a person or a thing on which the work is about to done. Like: going school.

Verb= is the work. Like go, walk, write.

1)       Present simple tense:

It tells us about daily routine habits that repeat themselves. Like: going to the Office. Going office is a work that you do almost daily but not only on the holidays.
Examples:

                                         i.    He works in my company.

                                        ii.    She dances very well.

                                       iii.    We go to school daily in the bus.

Formula: Subject+verb(1^st form)+ Object+etc.

2)       Present continuous tense:

It tells us about what is continue. Like right now, I’m typing. You’re reading this text. This is the work which is actually in a continue motion. An action which is going on or continue we can express in present continuous tense.

Examples:

                                         i.    He is writing an application.

                                        ii.    Hameed is speaking English now.

                                       iii.    I’m talking on my phone right now.

                                      iv.    Someone is knocking at our door.

Formula: Subject+am/is/are+verb(ing form)+object+etc.

                                                                                            

           3) Present perfect tense:

       

Present perfect tense tells us about something that is already happened before that moment. Like a kid was doing his homework. And now he has just finished it. So, he can say “I’ve completed my home work, Hurrah!”

Examples:

                                         i.    My child has finished his home work.

                                        ii.    I have made a decision.

                                       iii.    You have jumped over the wall.

Formula: Subject+have/has+Verb(3^rd form)+object+etc.

           

4) Present perfect continuous:

Present perfect continuous tense tells us about something that started in the past and still going on (continue till now). Like you started something and that thing didn’t end in the past and continue till present then you can use this tense.

Using off since/for:

Since is used when we tell a specific or particular time that we know about.

For we use about that time that we’re not sure about.

Example:

                                         i.    My father has been watching football on the TV since the start of the match started.

                                        ii.    She has been dancing since the song started.

                                       iii.    I’ve been playing with my brother for 2 hours in the playground.

  Formula: Subject+have/has+been+Verb(ing form)+Object+etc.

           

5) Past simple:

            Past simple is used when something is done in the past and not continues in the present. Means something started and finished in the past.

Examples:

                                         i.    He went to New York yesterday.

                                        ii.    He talked to me yesterday.

                                       iii.    We forgot how to write an application.

Formula: Subject+verb(2^nd form)+object+etc.

6) Past continuous tense:   

                      Past continuous tense is used for something that was continuing in the past but now it’s finished.

Example:

                 I was teaching yesterday at 9 PM.

                 I was jogging on the road in the morning.

                 The cat was sleeping on the road.

                  They were talking to each other in the late night time.

Formula: Subject+was/were+verb(ing)+object+etc.   

    

7) Past perfect tense:

                Past perfect tense is used for past events that happened before other past events.

    Examples:

                                         i.    The patient had died, before the doctor came.

                                        ii.    My mom had finished cooking before the guest came at our party.

                                       iii.    By the time we arrived at the station, the train had already left the station.

                                      iv.    When I woke up I saw, my mom had already made breakfast for me.

Formula=Subject+had+Verb(3^rd form)+object+etc.

 

 

8) Past perfect continuous tense:

                              Past perfect continuous tense is used for past actions that was actually, continued up to another point in the past.

Example:

                                         i.    Before I lost my job as an article writer, I had been working on some projects. (Here working is used as a continuous action until the point I lost my job)

                                        ii.    She had been studying English by herself for several 7 years by the time he started taking classes.

Formula: Subject+had+been+verb(ing)+object+etc.

9) Future simple:

                The future simple is simple as its name is. Future simple can be divided into two forms. The future simple tells us something will happen or going to happen in the future.

The first one is “going to”. “Going to” form is used for plans, arrangements and predictions.

For example:

                                         i.    After I complete my second year, I’m going to go for the university.

                                        ii.    We’re going to move to a new house at the end of this week.

                                       iii.    I think the current government is going to be reelected.

1)   Formula: Subject+am/is/are/+going to+verb(1^st form)+object+etc.

2)   Formula: Subject+will+Verb(1^st form)+object+etc.

                  

Another way of using future simple is for promises, offers, predictions, and decisions made in the moment of speaking.

 For example:

I.             I’m promising you that I’ll call you tomorrow.

               Offer: II.      We’ll give you treat at your birthday if you do our home work.

               Prediction: III.      I have a gut feeling that my students will be good speakers someday, because they work really hard for their speaking English.

              

Decision made in the moment: IV.    I‘ll have the noodles and a side order of salad.

10) Future continuous:

            Future continuous tense tells us about something is continue or in progress in the future time.

 For example:

                                         i.    I will be teaching English Grammar to my students tomorrow.

                                        ii.    Don’t try to disturb me tomorrow, I’ll be watching cricket match with my family tomorrow at 8 PM.

                                       iii.    If I off my school, my parents will be writing a leaving note.

Formula: Subject+will+be+verb(ing)+object+etc.

 11) Future perfect tense:

                      Future perfect tense tells us about a something will be completed before a time in the future.

  For example:

                                         i.    I will have been to New York before I’m 40.

                                        ii.    We’re already late, by the time we reach to the theater, the movie will have started.

                                       iii.    We’ll have visited 4 different countries by 2016.

Formula: Subject+will+have+verb(3^rd form)+Object+etc.

12) Future perfect continuous tense:

                     Future perfect continuous tense tells us about an action will be in progress or continue up to a future time.

For example:

                                         i.    By the time I graduate, I’ll have been studying for 4 years.

                                        ii.    By 9 PM, I’ll have been working on the project _____for eight hours continuously.

                                       iii.    By this time next year, we’ll have been living in Korea for two years.

Formula: Subject+will+have+been+verb(ing)+object+etc.

                                   

                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                        Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are used for an action that might take place. Or we can possibility. You use will when you’re pretty much sure about something. But would is totally different than will. Would is used for possibility that might take place. We’re going to talk about some simple conditional sentences. Afterwards, we’ll study continuous and many more.

For example:

                                                              i.      If I get a new home, I would play cricket on roof of that house. 

                                                            ii.      if I were you, I would not respect my parents.

Now, let’s jump on progressive conditional sentences.

Example:

a.     He would be talking to me if I give him a balloon.

b.     He would be not talking to me if I give him a balloon.

c.      Would he be talk to me if I give him a balloon?

                            

 

 

                     Conditional sentences (type 2)

Conditional sentences type 2 is about a possibility that’s maybe possible and condition can come true.

The formulae we’ll use to form these sentences:

                       If + Simple present, will.

For example:

                                                              i.      If I get a job, I’ll give a part to all my friends.

                                                            ii.      If he goes mad, nobody will go away from the party.

                      

                   Conditional sentences (type 3)

 If a condition became possible in the past but didn’t. Then we use conditional sentence (type 3)

  For example:

                                                              i.      I would have talked to my friend when he was at my home.

                                                            ii.      Shahid afridi would have played well if he had not any pain in his back.

                       

 

 

 

 

USES OF SHOULD, MUST, COULD, WOULD, MAY, MIGHT.

Should:

          Should is used when you have give someone suggestion or an advice that if he/she does that work or does not they could get a problem.

Like: If we don’t take our meal on time we could get sick. Therefore, we should take our meal on time.
Using should have: Should have is used to tell that about a suggestion or an advice of the past.

For example: You should have taken your lunch before the lunch time ends.

                         You should have completed your home work before coming to the school, said teacher to the student.

 Must:

             Must is used for telling something to someone that something is really necessary and there is no way else except doing it.

For example: You’re mobile is getting haywire (stop working properly), you must have to buy a new mobile phone so that you can keep in touch with your friends.

Using must have: Must have is used for telling something to someone that something was really necessary and there was no way else except doing it.

For example: You must have respected your elders.

Could: Could is basically used, for two things one is asking or begging some type of permission and the second use is possibility.

For example:

1.     Could you please, give me your pencil for a minute?

2.     I could do operate my computer but I haven’t tried it for 2 months.

Using could have: Could have is basically used, for the possibility in the past.

For example:

                                                              i.      We couldn’t have done cooking without the help of our mom.

                                                            ii.      They couldn’t have reached to our home if they weren’t driving in the car.

Would:  Would is used for the possibility. And mostly in conditional sentences as mentioned above.

Would is also used for polite conversations.

Like: Would you like to give me some money dad? So, I can watch movie with my friends.

Using would have:  would have is used for the possibility of the past.

I would have jumped over the wall, if I had legs.

May and might:  May and might both mean possibility.
But there is a difference in both.

If you say May means you’re 70% sure about something.

And when you say might you’re 40% sure about something.

Like the sky is full of gray clouds. And you feel that it’s going to be rain soon. Then you can say. It may be rain till today’s evening. You’re now pretty much sure that it’s going to be rain in the evening.

Might: But if, there are only few gray clouds. And you feel there is more less possibility to have rain in the evening then you say” It might be rain in the evening”.

            Infinitives and Gerunds

Infinitives:

                Infinitive use purpose is to indicate the purpose or intention of an action where we use “to” in the same meaning as “in order to” or “so as to”.

For the purpose:

                      He bought a ring to give her wife on her birthday.

                       We lock our safe to keep thieves out.

Gerunds:  Gerund is the ing form of the verb which is used as a noun.

Like Swim is a verb. But when, we add ing at the end of it. It becomes gerund. “Swimming” I love swimming.

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